20 results
An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Text and Materials
- 2nd edition
- Karen Yeung, Sofia Ranchordás
- Coming soon
-
- Expected online publication date:
- September 2024
- Print publication:
- 30 September 2024
-
- Book
- Export citation
-
PP07 Vaccine Decision-making In Canada: Processes And Guidelines For Using Economic Evidence
- Beate Sander, Murray Krahn, Stirling Bryan, Werner Brouwer, Mark Jit, Karen Lee, Monika Naus, Sachiko Ozawa, Lisa Prosser, Nina Lathia, Man Wah Yeung, Austin Nam, Ashleigh Tuite, Althea House, Matthew Tunis
-
- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 39 / Issue S1 / December 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 December 2023, p. S53
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Introduction
Canada’s National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) makes recommendations on the use of human vaccines. Provinces and territories subsequently use the advice to make decisions on public funding and program implementation. Traditionally, NACI reviewed vaccine characteristics and burden of illness.
With its recent expanded mandate, NACI now considers cost-effectiveness via economic evaluations, among other decision determinants. As such, new processes and guidelines were needed to formalize the incorporation of economic evidence into federal vaccine decision-making.
MethodsTwo task groups were convened respectively to develop NACI’s “Economic Process” and “Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Vaccination Programs in Canada”. The groups conducted environmental scans to inform their work, as well as engaged with government partners, decision-makers, academics, national immunization technical advisory groups from other countries, health technology assessment agencies, industry, patient groups, among others.
ResultsThe Economic Process outlines when and how NACI incorporates economic evidence for vaccine recommendation. For instance, it describes how policy questions are prioritized given institutional capacity constraints for generating economic evidence. It also describes how policy questions are assessed to determine the appropriate type of economic evidence required (i.e., systematic review, economic evaluation, multi-model comparison of external models).
The Economic Guidelines provide recommendations in 15 chapters on how to conduct economic evaluations (i.e., from defining the decision problem to reporting). Unlike other health technologies, vaccines have the potential to affect both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Hence, the Guidelines consider population-level impacts such as externalities (e.g., herd immunity, age-shifting of disease) and spillover effects. They also discuss equity considerations and non-health impacts of vaccines such as to productivity, consumption and education.
ConclusionsThe Economic Process and Economic Guidelines promote the generation and use of credible and standardized economic evidence. They advocate for transparency, allowing evidence to be used across jurisdictions beyond Canada. Next steps include documentation of user feedback, incorporation of Indigenous considerations, and formal evaluations.
Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD)
- Karen Yeung
-
- Journal:
- International Legal Materials / Volume 59 / Issue 1 / February 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 March 2020, pp. 27-34
- Print publication:
- February 2020
-
- Article
- Export citation
Why do Public Blockchains Need Formal and Effective Internal Governance Mechanisms?
- Karen YEUNG, David GALINDO
-
- Journal:
- European Journal of Risk Regulation / Volume 10 / Issue 2 / June 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 September 2019, pp. 359-375
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
With the birth and rise of cryptocurrencies following the success of Bitcoin and the popularity of “Initial Coin Offerings”, public awareness of blockchain technologies has substantially increased in recent years. Many blockchain advocates claim that these software artefacts enable radically new forms of decentralised governance by relying upon computational trust created via cryptographic proof, obviating the need for reliance on conventional trusted third-party intermediaries. But these claims rest on some key assumptions, which this paper subjects to critical examination. It asks: can existing mechanisms and procedures for collective decision-making of public blockchains (which we refer to as internal blockchain governance) live up to these ambitions? By drawing upon HLA Hart’s Concept of Law, together with literature from regulatory governance studies, we argue that unless public blockchain systems establish formal and effective internal governance, they are unlikely to be taken up at scale as a tool for social coordination, and are thus likely to remain, at best, a marginal technology.
Better regulation, administrative sanctions and constitutional values
- Karen Yeung
-
- Journal:
- Legal Studies / Volume 33 / Issue 2 / June 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 312-339
- Print publication:
- June 2013
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
This paper interrogates the predisposition in favour of informal, low-intervention control styles of enforcement advocated by the ‘better regulation’ movement, and which resonates throughout the Hampton Report recommendations which are currently being implemented in the UK. It focuses on three practices that reflect the trend towards diverting regulatory enforcement action away from the courts in favour of reliance on formal administrative sanctioning powers ranging from ‘hard’ to ‘soft’: the use of negotiated penalty settlements, the acceptance of administrative undertakings (‘enforcement undertakings’) and the provision of firm-specific compliance advice by regulators. Each practice is explored through various analytical lenses which enable the underlying constitutional tensions to be identified and interrogated. In so doing, it demonstrates how the emphasis on bargaining, negotiation and discussions between regulators and those they are responsible for regulating advocated by the UK better regulation movement may antagonise several constitutional values, including transparency, accountability, due process and participation, as well as several values associated with formal conceptions of the rule of law. On the other hand, resort to negotiation and discussion in regulatory enforcement can generate important benefits, largely in facilitating the timely, creative and cost-effective resolution of enforcement disputes while avoiding the formality, delay and hostility associated with formal court adjudication. This ‘clash of logics’ can be traced to inherent differences between bargaining, on the one hand, and adjudication on the other. Bargaining and adjudication represent two quite different and distinct forms of ordering through which disputes can be resolved, and it is these differences that lie at the foundation of their respective virtues and shortcomings when employed to resolve disputes concerning regulatory violations.
Contributors
-
- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
5 - Regulatory accountability and legitimacy
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp 221-302
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
The previous chapters have explored how and why regulation emerges, how it is deployed and how it works on the ground. They have established that the scope of regulation both conceptually and practically goes substantially beyond a narrow view of formal legal control of private actors. The expansion of the meaning of regulation and its practical impact is closely associated with a flourishing debate about regulatory legitimacy and accountability. Legitimacy, according to Jody Freeman, is when the public accepts decisions without having to be coerced (Freeman 1999), or as Rob Baldwin puts it, the legitimacy of an administrative process can be seen in terms of the persuasive power of the arguments made in its favour (Baldwin 1995). Accountability is, more concretely, ‘the duty to give account for one's actions to some other persons or body’, in Colin Scott's words (Scott 2000). The changes in the scope of regulation that the preceding chapters have charted have led to significant challenges to acceptance of regulatory regimes and calls for those who control them to account for decisions made under them. Indeed, commentators often refer to a ‘crisis’ in the regulatory state, as the myriad complex forms of controlling behaviour which it has developed make it increasingly difficult to trace the lines of responsibility for public decision-making, especially when things go wrong. Moreover, regulatory regimes often create institutions that are at least partially independent from directly elected political decision-makers, yet make politically sensitive decisions.
Figures
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp xvii-xviii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
6 - Regulation above and beyond the state
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp 303-337
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Overview
The preceding chapters have identified and developed a series of analytical tools and framing devices that assist in mapping the growing field of regulation scholarship. As we made clear in the introductory chapter, our focus has hitherto assumed that regulation takes place within a nation-state. The explosion of interest in, and literature about, globalisation since the early 1990s reflects the changing regulatory landscapes and calls for examination of this assumption. Accordingly, this chapter will explore the degree to which the analytical tools and framing devices used throughout the preceding chapters can be applied to the supranational context, building directly upon the conceptual structure developed throughout the book. Although each field of social science is developing a voluminous literature on globalisation, broadly understood in various different terminologies, we will consciously avoid any attempt to map these terrains, although we occasionally cite some literature by way of brief example. Thus, unlike the earlier chapters, we are not integrating existing literatures into our mapping exercise, and as a result this chapter does not include extracts from selected texts. Rather, this chapter does two things. Firstly, we explore whether theories and techniques of regulation, as well as issues of regulatory enforcement and legitimacy, can be transposed to the supranational context. Secondly, we consider the role of law in regulation above and beyond the state.
An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Text and Materials
- Bronwen Morgan, Karen Yeung
-
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007
-
In recent years, regulation has emerged as one of the most distinct and important fields of study in the social sciences, both for policy-makers and for scholars who require a theoretical framework that can be applied to any social sector. This timely textbook provides a conceptual map of the field and an accessible and critical introduction to the subject. Morgan and Yeung set out a diverse and stimulating selection of materials and give them context with a comprehensive and critical commentary. By adopting an interdisciplinary approach and emphasising the role of law in its broader social and political context, it will be an invaluable tool for the student coming to regulation for the first time. This clearly structured, academically rigorous title, with a contextualised perspective, is essential reading for all students of the subject.
3 - Regulatory instruments and techniques
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp 79-150
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
One of the core concerns of the previous chapter involved attempts to explain why regulation emerges. In this chapter, we turn away from considering attempts to explain regulation, towards questions of mechanics, in responding to questions concerning how to regulate. In so doing, we will assume that the collective goals of a regulatory regime have been identified and defer consideration to whether those goals may be regarded as legitimate to the discussion in Chapter 5. By turning our attention to the mechanics of control, the scope of this academic inquiry may seem more concrete and less abstract than the previous chapter's discussion of theories of regulation. Yet the ground may not be quite as firm as it initially appears, for, as we shall see, the literature in this field is rich and fertile, having been ploughed by scholars from a range of social scientific disciplines and sub-disciplines, including law, economics, public administration, public policy, comparative government and self-confessed ‘regulationists’. Despite the breadth of its variation, this literature is united by a common enterprise: to understand and explore the instruments and techniques by and through which social behaviour may be regulated, and the relationship between those techniques and their context.
Our discussion begins by exploring the wide array of tools and techniques that are used in regulating social behaviour in order to acquire an understanding of their mechanics. This exploration proceeds by classifying instruments into broad categories, based upon their underlying technique or ‘modality’ of control.
2 - Theories of regulation
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp 16-78
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
A theory of regulation is a set of propositions or hypotheses about why regulation emerges, which actors contribute to that emergence and typical patterns of interaction between regulatory actors. In answering the ‘why’ question, we range beyond law to other disciplines, and much of the material in this chapter draws upon the disciplines of politics, economics and sociology. In order to understand the academic literature on this topic, it is helpful to bear in mind two core ideas, which help to differentiate the focus of theories of regulation. Firstly, some theories assume a relatively clear dividing line between public and private actors and institutions while others view the line as blurred both in theory and practice. Secondly, some theories focus mainly on economically defined goals, factors and influences, while others supplement this focus with attention to more broadly defined political goals, factors and influences. Somewhat less attention has been paid to the kinds of values and concerns which lawyers tend to emphasise in exploring the patterned emergence of regulation. The aims of this chapter are therefore twofold. Firstly, to guide the reader through the different theories of regulation, drawing out the contrasts between the roles they give to public and private actors and institutions, and the degree to which they incorporate efficiency-enhancing, redistributive and other broader social objectives. Secondly, to consider the facilitative role of law in theories of regulation and to introduce (within that role) the image of law as umpire.
4 - Regulatory enforcement and compliance
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp 151-220
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Introduction
In the previous chapter, we considered various techniques of regulation. In so doing, our aim was to answer the question of how to regulate; this chapter deepens and extends that inquiry by considering questions of regulatory enforcement and compliance. The previous chapter's analysis of regulatory techniques sought to understand the range of instruments used in pursuit of regulatory goals. But all regulatory techniques must be given flesh through the enforcement process if they are to achieve their intended purpose. By focusing on enforcement and compliance, we begin to draw into focus the dynamic, messy and socially contextual nature of the regulatory process.
Before proceeding, it is helpful to clarify our terminology. Within regulatory regimes that rest upon a command and control framework, there is a tendency in common parlance to equate enforcement with the prosecution of offences: the formal invocation of the legal process in order to impose sanctions for violating the law. One important contribution of the regulatory compliance and enforcement literature, however, is to highlight the pervasiveness of informal practices throughout the enforcement process. As Hutter points out:
Compliance is a concept relevant to all forms of enforcement, but the concept is used in a variety of ways in the regulation literature … A theme running through much regulation literature is that compliance with regulatory legislation should be regarded as much as a process as an event. Regulatory officials may regard compliance both as a matter of instant conformity and an open-ended and long-term process which may take several years to attain. […]
1 - Introduction
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp 1-15
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Regulation is increasingly seen as a distinct field of academic inquiry. Yet it is often difficult to obtain a holistic sense of its contours and the nature of its terrain. The primary aim of this book is to provide a map that will help to orientate those encountering this field for the first time. We construct this map by drawing together material from a range of disciplinary perspectives from law and the social sciences. Three objectives flesh out our broad aim. Firstly, we seek to challenge lawyers to look beyond conventional legal sources. Secondly, as a corollary objective for those who are not lawyers, this book seeks to examine the role of law as an instrument of social control within regulation broadly understood. Thirdly, we aim to break down a subject which can be rather daunting for newcomers into digestible and accessible form. The map we draw is structured around four core conceptual facets of regulation: (i) theories of regulation, (ii) techniques and instruments for regulating, (iii) compliance with and enforcement of regulation and (iv) issues of accountability and legitimacy in relation to regulation. We then extend this map, in the penultimate chapter, by applying our conceptual framework to regulation in the supranational context. The resulting taxonomy is intended to provide a descriptive sense of the breadth and variety in approaches to regulation across political studies, economics, law, criminology and sociology.
Preface and Acknowledgements
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp xiii-xvi
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
The origins of this book can be traced back to an informal conversation between us in 1999 as two young legal academics at Oxford University shortly after discovering our shared interest in the nature and workings of the administrative state. This prompted us to consider the possibility of putting together a postgraduate course with the rather broad title ‘Regulation’. As neither of us had previous experience in teaching such a course, we began somewhat tentatively, seeking to devise a course that would encourage students to interrogate legal institutions beyond the confines of a narrow focus on legal doctrine. Our ambition was to cultivate in our students what Roberto Unger calls an ‘institutional imagination’, one that highlights the challenges of institutional design in public policy-making and practice so as to enrich and enliven their understanding of the law and its contribution to the regulatory enterprise.
It was in the process of locating suitable material for our proposed course that we discovered the lack of any textbook to guide us and our students. Although there were several valuable essay collections, as well as books that adopted one particular disciplinary orientation in examining regulation, there was no single book which satisfactorily fulfilled our pedagogical objectives. What we wanted was a scholarly yet accessible text which both drew together a broad range of perspectives and examined a wide range of regulatory issues.
Index
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp 345-353
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
Frontmatter
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp i-viii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
7 - Conclusion
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp 338-344
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
In Chapter 6, we suggested that, although the conceptual frame around which our map of the regulatory terrain has been constructed transposes relatively easily to the supranational context, the law's contribution to regulation above and beyond the state alters significantly. In this concluding chapter, we offer some brief closing reflections on the conceptual frame for exploring regulation that we have developed throughout this book, and on how that frame may serve to illuminate the law's contribution to regulation. As we stated in the introductory chapter, one of our primary aims in writing this book was to provide a map of the diverse and wide-ranging terrain occupied by the flourishing literature on regulation that would help to orient relative newcomers to this field of intellectual inquiry. Our framework for examining regulatory literature is underpinned by four broad analytical constructs, forming the subject of Chapters 2 to 5: (i) theories of regulation; (ii) instruments and techniques of regulation; (iii) enforcement and compliance with regulation; and (iv) issues of accountability and legitimacy in regulation. Although our conceptual lens is developed in the context of national regulation, where regulatory scholarship has its origins, the analytical framework we construct is not inherently state-centric, as its application to regulation above and beyond the state context in Chapter 6 clearly demonstrates.
The primary aim of this text has been to demonstrate how the conceptual framework that we have used to map the regulatory literature provides a clear guide to a diverse terrain yet is flexible and durable enough to encompass a wide and varied range of scholarship.
Contents
- Bronwen Morgan, University of Bristol, Karen Yeung, King's College London
-
- Book:
- An Introduction to Law and Regulation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2007, pp ix-xii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
REGULATING GOVERNMENT COMMUNICATIONS
- Karen Yeung
-
- Journal:
- The Cambridge Law Journal / Volume 65 / Issue 1 / 12 March 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 April 2006, pp. 53-91
- Print publication:
- 12 March 2006
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
It is widely accepted that the British intelligence dossier of September 2002 claiming that Iraq possessed “weapons of mass destruction” (WMD) which could be deployed “within 45 minutes” was critical to the British Government’s decision to invade Iraq in 2003. Given that no such weapons have materialized despite careful, comprehensive and labour-intensive searching, the dossier is now seen by many as a self-serving attempt by the Blair administration to “spin” the country into war.